There’s also の横に (のよこに) which also mean “next to”. As far as I know, the only difference is that となり is used for similar kinds of objects, but I also read that they’re basically used interchangeably in common use. Don’t have enough experience to know if that’s true.
となり refers to something that is directly adjacent.
ちかく refers to something in the general vicinity but not next to.
となり and よこ would mean that the two things are next to each other with nothing in between.
ちかく and そば would imply that the two things are near each other, but not directly next to.
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となり is next to (your nextdoor neighbour is called お隣さん)
ちかく is nearby, but not directly next to
となり means next to XYZ
Not near
here’s a dictionary and you can find out by using it:
https://jisho.org/
There’s also の横に (のよこに) which also mean “next to”. As far as I know, the only difference is that となり is used for similar kinds of objects, but I also read that they’re basically used interchangeably in common use. Don’t have enough experience to know if that’s true.
となり refers to something that is directly adjacent.
ちかく refers to something in the general vicinity but not next to.
となり and よこ would mean that the two things are next to each other with nothing in between.
ちかく and そば would imply that the two things are near each other, but not directly next to.
ゆうびんきょくは ぎんこうの となり ですよ。えきのちかくに ありますね。あるいて、5ふんかかります。
“The post office is next to the bank. It’s near the station. Walking, it takes about 5 minutes.”